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CSR (Common Schedule of Rate)

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The Common Schedule of Rates (CSR) is a detailed and illustrative document periodically released by the Department of Public Works. Its purpose is to offer a consistent economic framework for all Engineering Departments, Boards, Corporations, Agencies, and Private Sector Organizations collaborating with the Government, facilitating uniform cost estimation for construction activities. CSR provider rates of various construction activities in different fields. CSR is framed keeping in view of various factors like basic rate, current taxation scenarios, current labour charges, contractor's profits etc. These rate gets revised after variation in the above factors.    
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All about Pile Foundation

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Pile foundation is a category of deep foundation. Deep foundation is used when soil strata beneath the foundation is not capable of bearing the structural load. Pile foundation rests on the hard strata well beneath the soil. When to use: When the surface or near-surface strata are highly compressible and weak, making them unable to support the structural loads, pile foundations are needed. These piles transfer structural loads through weaker layers to more stable, deeper strata.  Pile foundations are also utilized to resist horizontal forces in addition to vertical loads.  They are essential for structures like transmission towers and offshore platforms that experience uplift forces.  Additionally, in areas with expansive soils, such as black cotton soil, which undergo significant volume changes with fluctuations in water content, piles are employed to transfer loads below the active zone.
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